The vulva, which is part of a woman’s genitals, is at the opening of the vagina (birth canal). Vulvar cancer is classified based on the types of cells where it begins.
The vulva includes the following main parts:
Bartholin glands, which help lubricate the vagina during sex. One is on each side of the opening of the vagina.
Two skin folds around the opening of the vagina:
- Outer lips (labia majora), which are larger and have hair
- Inner lips (labia minora), which are small and do not have hair
Clitoris, which helps a woman feel sexual stimulation
The main types of vulvar cancer are:
Squamous cell, which is a wart-like growth. Verrucous vulvar cancer is a subtype. This cancer often can be treated successfully. It is the main type of vulvar cancer.
Adenocarcinoma usually starts in the Bartholin glands or sweat glands in the vulva. These make up about 8% of vulvar cancers. Paget disease of the vulva is a type of adenocarcinoma in which the cancer cells are in the top layer of skin.
Melanoma is a skin cancer that starts in cells that make pigment.
Sarcomas may be found in children as well as adults. These rare types of vulvar cancer start in the muscles or bones.
Vulvar cancer statistics
Vulvar cancer is rare. According to the American Cancer Society, about 6,200 women in the United States are diagnosed with it each year. Vulvar cancer usually grows slowly and may begin as precancerous changes that can be treated before they become cancer. The median age of diagnosis for Vulvar cancer is 68, and the disease's five-year survival rate is about 71%.
Vulvar cancer causes & risk factors
Anything that increases your chance of getting vulvar cancer is a risk factor. These include:
- Age: More than half of women who develop vulvar cancer are over 70 years old.
- HPV (human papilloma virus)
- Smoking tobacco
- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
- Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), a precancerous condition usually caused by HPV
- Cervical cancer
- Melanoma or atypical moles on other parts of the body
- Family history of melanoma
Not everyone with risk factors gets vulvar cancer. However, if you have risk factors, it’s a good idea to discuss them with your health care provider.
Learn more about vulvar cancer:
In rare cases, vulvar cancer can be passed down from one generation to the next. Genetic counseling may be right for you. Visit our genetic testing page to learn more.
What are vulvar cancer's symptoms?
Symptoms of vulvar cancer vary from woman to woman. They may include:
- Red, pink or white bump (or bumps) with a rough or scaly surface on the vulva
- Burning, pain or itching in the genital area
- Pain when you urinate
- Bleeding and discharge when you are not having a menstrual period
- Sore on the vulva that does not heal for a month
- Change in a mole in the genital area
- Lump close to the opening to the vagina
These symptoms do not always mean you have vulvar cancer. However, it is important to discuss any symptoms with your doctor, since they may signal other health problems.
In rare cases, vulvar cancer can be passed down from one generation to the next. Genetic counseling may be right for you. Visit our genetic testing page to learn more.
How is vulvar cancer diagnosed?
Early and accurate diagnosis of vulvar cancer is important. It also is crucial to find out if and where the cancer has spread. This helps your doctors choose the best therapies for you.
At MD Anderson, specialized experts use the most modern and accurate equipment to diagnose vulvar cancer. With pinpoint attention to detail, our pathologists, diagnostic radiologists and specially trained technicians find the exact extent of disease. This helps increase the likelihood your treatment will be successful.
Vulvar cancer diagnostic tests
If you have symptoms that may signal vulvar cancer, your doctor will examine you and ask you questions about your health, your lifestyle and your family medical history. Then, your doctor will do a pelvic exam and pap smear.
If you have a growth in the vulvar area that the doctor thinks might be cancer, the only way to tell for sure is a biopsy. Your doctor may use a special instrument called a colposcope to magnify the area and make it easier to remove the tissue. A small bit of tissue will be removed by:
- Excisional biopsy: A small knife is used
- Punch biopsy: A tiny punch tool is used
Other tests may help find out if you have vulvar cancer and if it has spread. These tests also may be used to learn if treatment is working.
Imaging tests, which may include:
- CT or CAT (computed axial tomography) scans
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans
- PET (positron emission tomography) scans
- Chest X-ray
Getting a second opinion at MD Anderson
The pathologists at MD Anderson are highly specialized in diagnosing and staging every type of vulvar cancer. We welcome the opportunity to provide second opinions for vulvar cancers.
In rare cases, vulvar cancer can be passed down from one generation to the next. Genetic counseling may be right for you. Visit our genetic testing page to learn more.
Vulvar cancer staging
If you are diagnosed with vulvar cancer, your doctor will determine the stage of the disease.
Staging is a way of classifying cancer by how much disease is in the body and where it has spread when it is diagnosed. This helps the doctor plan the best way to treat the cancer.
Once the staging classification is determined, it stays the same even if treatment works or the cancer spreads.
Vulvar cancer stages
(source: National Cancer Institute)
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ): Abnormal cells are found on the surface of the vulvar skin. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
Stage 1: The tumor is confined to the vulva.
1A: The lesion is 2 centimeters or smaller and:
- Is confined to the vulva or perineum (the area between the anus and vagina)
- Has spread into the stroma 1 millimeter or less
- Has not spread into the surrounding lymph nodes
1B: The lesion is more than more than 2 centimeters in size and:
- Has spread 1 millimeter into the stroma
- Is confined to the vulva or perineum
- Has not spread into surrounding lymph nodes
Stage 2: The tumor is any size and has spread to adjacent perineal structures (anus, lower 1/3 of urethra, lower 1/3 vagina) but not to surrounding lymph nodes.
Stage 3: The tumor is any size and may or may not have spread to adjacent perineal structures. Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage 4: The tumor has spread to other adjacent regions (upper 2/3 of the urethra, upper 2/3 of the vagina) or distant structures.
What are the treatment options for vulvar cancer?
At MD Anderson, a team of nationally known experts concentrates on giving you the most-advanced treatments for vulvar cancer. Consideration for your quality of life is always a priority. For this reason, we focus on therapies that have the least impact on your body, yet target the cancer with the most-advanced methods.
Our physicians are at the forefront of pioneering less radical approaches, including sentinel node biopsy procedures. Research done here has helped the standard care for vulvar cancer evolve into less-radical surgery combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy and radiation.
MD Anderson treats more women each year with this complex cancer than most oncologists in the nation. This gives us a level of experience and expertise that may lead to a higher chance for successful treatment in many cases.
And we’re constantly researching newer, safe, more-advanced vulvar cancer treatments. This translates to a number of clinical trials.
Our vulvar cancer treatments
If you are diagnosed with vulvar cancer, your doctor will discuss the best options to treat it. This depends on several factors, including:
- The type and stage of the cancer
- Your overall health
- Your age
- Your preferences
Your treatment for vulvar cancer at MD Anderson will be customized to your particular needs. One or more of the following therapies may be recommended to treat the cancer or help relieve symptoms.
Surgery
Vulvar cancer treatment usually includes surgery. Like all surgeries, vulvar cancer surgery is most successful when done by a specialist with a great deal of experience in the procedure.
MD Anderson surgeons are among the most skilled and recognized in the world. They perform a large number of surgeries for vulvar cancer each year, using the least-invasive and most-advanced techniques.
The main types of surgery for vulvar cancer include the following:
Laser surgery: Lasers may be used to treat precancerous changes. Abnormal cells are burned off with a laser beam. Lasers are not used for invasive vulvar cancer.
Excision: The cancer and about a ½ inch of skin on each side of it are removed.
Vulvectomy: All or part of the vulva is removed.
Pelvic exenteration: In this complex surgery, the vulva and lymph nodes in the pelvis are removed. Depending on how far the cancer has spread, the lower colon, rectum, bladder, uterus, cervix and/or vagina may be removed.
If the bladder is removed, the surgeon will make a new way for your body to store and get rid of urine. It may be one of the following:
- Urostomy, which requires you to drain urine from a small opening
- A small plastic bag worn on the abdomen into which urine drains
If the rectum and lower colon are removed, the surgeon may be able to reconnect the remaining parts of the colon. If not, the colon is attached to the abdominal wall. Then feces pass through a colostomy (small opening on the outside of the body) into a small plastic bag on the front of the abdomen.
Inguinal lymph node dissection: Lymph nodes on one or both sides of the groin area are removed.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy: The surgeon removes the lymph nodes closest to they cancer and looks at them under a microscope. If the cells do not contain cancer, no more lymph nodes are removed. If the cells do contain cancer, other lymph nodes in the area will be removed.
Topical Therapy
This type of treatment may be used in precancerous vulvar cell changes. Medicine is applied to the growth. Drugs used include:
- Fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapy drug
- Imiquimod
Chemotherapy
MD Anderson offers the most up-to-date and advanced chemotherapy options for vulvar cancer.
Radiation
Radiation therapy sometimes may be given with chemotherapy to help make the cancer smaller before surgery. It also may be used to treat lymph nodes.
New radiation therapy techniques and remarkable skill allow MD Anderson doctors to target tumors more precisely, delivering the maximum amount of radiation with the least damage to healthy cells.
Our vulvar cancer clinical trials
Because of its status as one of the world’s premier cancer centers, MD Anderson participates in clinical trials (research studies) of investigational therapies for vulvar cancer.
Why come to MD Anderson for vulvar cancer care?
A team of some of the nation's top experts gives you its full attention when you are treated for vulvar cancer in MD Anderson's Gynecologic Oncology Center. They concentrate on customizing your care to include the most advanced treatments with the least impact on your body.
Our physicians target vulvar cancer with the latest technology and treatments, while focusing on quality of life. In order to personalize care and optimize outcomes, each team includes doctors from many specialties, including radiation oncology, radiology, pathology, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. They are joined by a support staff specially trained in caring for women.
As one of the nation's top cancer centers, we care for more women with vulvar cancer each year than many oncologists see in a lifetime. This gives us an extraordinary level of experience and expertise, which may help you have a higher chance for successful treatment.
And at MD Anderson you're surrounded by the strength of one of the nation's largest and most experienced comprehensive cancer centers, which has all the support and wellness services needed to treat the whole person – not just the disease.
Surgical skill
This experience is especially important if you need surgery for vulvar cancer, which often is complex and delicate. MD Anderson surgeons, who are among the best in the nation, are highly skilled in the least invasive procedures, which are good options for some women.
If you are a candidate for reconstructive surgery after treatment for vulvar cancer, our plastic surgeons use the most advanced techniques available. They are specialized and experienced – which can have a huge impact on surgical success.
Innovative vulvar cancer research
MD Anderson has led development of many of the current therapies and diagnostic methods for vulvar cancer, including less-invasive surgery, sentinel node biopsy and surgical reconstruction.
And we continue to investigate newer, more-advanced treatments for vulvar cancer. We are one of the top research sites in the country, which means we offer a number of clinical trials for vulvar cancer.
What you have endured can give others hope.
The Gynecologic Oncology Center at MD Anderson
HPV-Related Cancers Moon Shot
More than 70% of vulvar cancer cases are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, for which a safe and effective vaccine currently exists. MD Anderson’s HPV-Related Cancers Moon Shot® aims to improve outcomes for vulvar cancer patients through prevention initiatives and new treatments.
Learn moreWhen I was first diagnosed with vulvar cancer, I wasn't sure what journey lie
ahead of me. So many decisions to make.
When my doctor,
Patricia
Eifel, M.D., laid out my radiation treatment plan, it seemed
rather long. But I thought I could do it. Then she decided to add
chemotherapy once a week as well. So, on Mondays, I got radiation in
the morning and chemo for five hours in the afternoon. Mondays were
very long days.
Stressing over my vulvar cancer treatment
About three weeks into my treatments, I began to feel agitated
and began to suffer from vulvar cancer treatment side effects. I
didn't want to have cancer. I didn't want chemo and the weakness and
nausea that go with it.
I didn't want the endless IV
insertions. I have small veins anyway and it was painful to find one.
They didn't give me a port because I was scheduled for only six chemo cycles.
I didn't want the radiation burns that began to appear. I didn't
want the pain and suffering. I'm not good at it. I was stressed and
fought internally about this whole thing. It was harder than I'd
imagined it would be.
Accepting my vulvar cancer treatment
But one day in the hospital I had an epiphany. Fighting against
each painful step of my vulvar cancer treatment was not helping me. It
was hurting my healing. I had to somehow come to terms with what was
happening to me and make peace with it.
I had to accept
that there were things happening that I didn't want to happen and I
had to accept it. If I didn't surrender to this painful treatment, I
would surely lose my life. It's a tough place to be. Get treatment or
die. It was that simple. I began to surrender in my mind and heart to
treatment and remind myself that this would stop the growth of the
vulvar cancer if I could just endure it.
Fight
the cancer, not the treatment
A peace came over me as I let go. It was time to emotionally
get in step with my vulvar cancer treatment. It made a huge
difference. I had vulvar cancer. I was having vulvar cancer treatment.
It sucked.
I also got a digestive tract infection during treatment, which
complicated everything. My colon will never be the same. But that's
part of the journey.
Fight the cancer, not your
treatment. Make peace with it and it can save your sanity and stress
level. Save all that fight for the recovery.
I am now
one-year cancer-free and am grateful that I endured through the
treatment. Every day is a blessing, and I am so grateful to be here to
fight another day!
