If your child is diagnosed with a brain tumor, your doctor will talk to you about the best options to treat it. This depends on several factors, including the location and type of the tumor and your child's general health.

One or more of the following therapies may be recommended to treat the cancer or help relieve symptoms.

Surgery

Surgery usually is the first treatment for brain tumors in children. If complete removal of the tumor is not possible, the surgeon will remove as much as the tumor as possible without damaging surrounding areas.

Surgery also may help:

• Reduce the size of the tumor
• Relieve symptoms, such as headaches, nausea
• Place a shunt to drain excess CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), which may cause symptoms including headaches and blurred vision

The most common surgery for brain tumors is craniotomy, in which the skull is opened. Some brain tumors can be removed with little or no damage to the brain. However, many grow in areas that make them difficult or impossible to remove without destroying important parts of the brain.

MD Anderson's Children's Cancer Hospital has the latest, leading-edge equipment, called functional MRI or fMRI, to help map the area and make surgery more accurate. Many brain tumors in children can be treated successfully with surgery alone. If additional treatment is necessary, surgery may help by reducing the size of the tumor before radiation or chemotherapy.

Brainsuite® iMRI

When a brain tumor is in a challenging location, our neurosurgeons can use this innovative open MRI system that allows them to view the tumor during surgery. This helps them remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging other parts of the brain. MD Anderson's Brainsuite is the first in the world of its type.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy may be able to stop or slow the growth of childhood brain tumors that cannot be removed with surgery. It generally is not used for children younger than 3 years. Radiation therapy may be used:

• As the main treatment if surgery is not possible
• After surgery to destroy remaining tumor cells
• To help relieve symptoms

New radiation therapy techniques and remarkable skill allow MD Anderson doctors to target brain tumors more precisely, delivering the maximum amount of radiation with the least damage to healthy cells.

Children's Cancer Hospital uses the most advanced radiation treatment methods, including:

Gamma Knife radiosurgery delivers a pinpoint dose of radiation to the tumor from hundreds of angles. It may be used if the tumor's location makes it impossible to remove of if the child is not healthy enough for surgery.

Focused radiation therapy, which is aimed directly at the tumor and immediately surrounding area

Whole-brain radiation therapy, which may be needed if your child has two or more brain tumors

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), which shapes the radiation beam to the brain tumor and lessens exposure to the rest of the brain.

Proton Therapy

The Proton Therapy Center at MD Anderson is one of the largest and most advanced centers in the world, offering passive-scattered and intensity-modulated proton therapy. It's the only proton therapy facility in the country within a comprehensive cancer center. This means this cutting-edge therapy is backed by all the expertise and compassionate care for which MD Anderson is famous.

The ability to precisely target tumors with radiation makes proton therapy ideal for treating certain types of childhood cancer. It provides accurate treatment of tumors near or within sensitive organs while limiting radiation exposure to healthy tissues, which is vital in children whose bodies are still  growing and developing. Studies show that proton therapy can also result in fewer late effects from treatment, a major concern among physicians and families when a child – especially a very young child – is undergoing radiation treatment. This includes potentially fewer issues with brain development for children who have been treated for brain tumors.

Proton therapy may be used to treat many types of tumors, including those in the brain, skull base and spine.

Chemotherapy

Children's Cancer Hospital offers the most up-to-date and advanced chemotherapy options for childhood brain tumors. Chemotherapy, often in conjunction with radiation and surgery, is frequently a treatment for tumors that are growing quickly. It sometimes may be used instead of radiation therapy in children under the age of three. Chemotherapy often is not as effective for brain cancer as some other types of cancer. This is because of the blood-brain barrier, small blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord that protect the brain from harmful substances, wich may act as a shield against chemotherapy drugs.

Targeted therapies

Targeted therapy drugs pinpoint the specific gene changes that cause cancer. MD Anderson is at the forefront of discovering these agents. Many of our brain tumor clinical trials determine the best drug for each patient based on analysis of the molecular profiles of patients' tumors.

Medications to decrease symptoms

Certain medications, including anti-seizure drugs, hormones and corticosteroids, may be given to help children with brain tumors feel better.