Rectal Cancer

The body moves waste, called stool, through all three structures before expelling it through the anus.

Rectal cancer and colon cancer start the same way and share many risk factors and symptoms. The two diseases are often referred to together as colorectal cancer. There are some significant differences between the two diseases, though.

Rectal cancer that has not spread to distant parts of the body is also treated with surgery. For some patients, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used to decrease the risk of the cancer returning after treatment. In some cases, radiation therapy and chemotherapy can reduce the need for surgery. Rectal cancer surgery can be more complex than colon cancer surgery.  

How does rectal cancer start?

Rectal cancer usually starts as a polyp. Polyps are small overgrowths in the tissue lining the colon or rectum. Polyps are not cancer.

Some polyps can turn into cancer over time. Most of these polyps are adenomas, which begin in mucus-producing gland cells that line the intestine and other organs. Adenomas are considered pre-cancerous growths.

It can take several years for an adenoma to develop into cancer. When it does, the cancer is called an adenocarcinoma. This is the most common type of rectal cancer.

There are other, rarer types of rectal cancer, including rectal neuroendocrine tumors and rectal cancers that involve the cells of the anus.

There are more than 150,000 combined colon and rectal cancer diagnoses in the United States each year. As of 2018, the disease’s five-year survival rate is about 65%. This figure does not include people diagnosed more recently, who could benefit from new treatments.

Young-onset colorectal cancer

Historically, most cases of colorectal cancer have been in people over age 55. In recent years, there has been an increase in diagnoses among people under age 55. MD Anderson’s Young-onset Colorectal Cancer Program offers specialized services for these patients. Services include fertility care, genetic testing and counseling, as well as support groups for young adults.  

Rectal cancer screening

Most precancerous polyps produce few, if any, symptoms, so it is important to get screened regularly for rectal cancer. Rectal cancer screenings allow your doctor to find and remove polyps before they turn into cancer. Screening can prevent most cases of rectal cancer cases. It can also catch rectal cancer early, when treatments are more likely to be successful.

• Learn more about rectal cancer screenings

Rectal cancer risk factors

Anything that increases your chance of getting colorectal cancer is a risk factor.  Colorectal cancer risk factors include:

• Age: More than 75% of colorectal cancer cases are diagnosed in patients age 55 and older. The median age at diagnosis is 66 years old. However, the rate of colorectal cancer diagnosed in adults less than 55 years old has increased in recent years.
• Race: African Americans have the highest rate of colorectal cancer among all racial groups in the United States.
• Family history: People whose relatives have had colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
• Inflammatory bowel disease: Patients with conditions that include Crohn’s disease or chronic ulcerative colitis are more likely to develop colon cancer. Learn more about inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.
• Personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps: People who have previously had colorectal cancer or colon polyps are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.
• Hereditary cancer syndromes: Some genetic changes can be inherited and increase your risk for certain types of cancer. Inherited syndromes including hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, or Lynch syndrome, and familial adenomatous polyposis may put you at higher risk for developing colorectal cancer. Learn more about hereditary cancer syndromes.
• Diet: A diet heavy in red meat, processed meats, or meats cooked at very high heat can increase a person’s rectal cancer risk.
• Obesity: Obesity increases a person’s chance of developing many different diseases, including colorectal cancer.
• Sedentary lifestyle: A lack of movement and exercise is a risk factor for colorectal cancer.
• Cigarette smoking: Tobacco use, including cigarettes and chewing tobacco, is a colorectal cancer risk factor.
• Drinking too much alcohol: Heavy drinkers are at an increased risk for colorectal cancer.

For patients concerned about inherited family syndromes that cause colorectal cancer, we offer advanced genetic testing and counseling to help understand your risk.

Rectal cancer prevention

Lifestyle choices that may decrease your risk of getting rectal cancer include:

• Regular screening tests
• Staying at a healthy weight
• Regular exercise
• Eating a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables
• Avoiding cigarette smoking
• Drinking alcohol only in moderation

Why choose MD Anderson for rectal cancer treatment?

At MD Anderson's Gastrointestinal Center, your rectal cancer treatment is personalized to provide the best outcomes, while focusing on your quality of life. We offer leading-edge treatments for rectal cancer, including advanced minimally invasive surgeries that provide successful treatment with less impact on you and sphincter-preserving surgeries, eliminating the need for a colostomy bag.

Multidisciplinary team approach

Rectal cancer treatment at MD Anderson is provided by a team of experts, including medical oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, gastroenterologists, radiologists, clinical nurses and mid-level providers. They discuss your case and develop a treatment designed to attack your cancer while minimizing side effects. 

Supplementing your clinical care, MD Anderson also provides nutrition counseling, pain management, psychological support, wound management and other services. 

Younger patients can also receive specialized support through our Young-onset Colorectal Cancer Program. This program offers services like genetic counseling and testing, fertility preservation and young-adult support groups.

In addition, our advanced knowledge in cancer genetics can help diagnose and treat inherited family syndromes that may increase your risk of rectal cancer. This expertise also helps us work with you to plan the most effective treatment for your specific condition.

For patients who have been successfully treated for rectal cancer and are being monitored for recurrence, our tumor Intercept program also offers circulating tumor DNA testing. Patients may even be matched with clinical trials to monitor for or prevent the cancer’s return. This test can help doctors diagnose a recurrence long before it shows up in an imaging exam.

Leading-edge advancements

As one of the world’s largest cancer research centers, MD Anderson is a leading center for the investigation into new methods of rectal cancer treatment and diagnosis. Through our clinical trials, this research can give patients access to treatments and procedures not found anywhere else.

And at MD Anderson you'll also be surrounded by the strength of one of the nation's largest and most experienced cancer centers. From support groups to counseling to integrative medicine care, we have all the services needed to treat not just the disease, but the whole person.