Breast Cancer Treatment
MD Anderson’s Nellie B. Connally Breast Center provides patients with truly multidisciplinary care. That means your medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, surgical oncologist, and reconstructive surgeon work together as a team to achieve the best possible outcome. They coordinate care and develop a comprehensive treatment plan that’s unique to each patient’s disease and needs.
Surgery
Many patients undergo some form of surgery as part of their breast cancer treatment.
Some will receive chemotherapy or targeted therapy before surgery. The goal of these treatments is to shrink the tumor and affected lymph nodes to make the procedure and recovery easier on the patient. This also allows the treating team to assess how cancer has responded to treatment, which can be important for some breast cancer subtypes.
There are two categories of breast cancer surgery:
- Lumpectomy: In a typical lumpectomy surgery, the tumor and a small amount of surrounding normal tissue are removed. This procedure may be appropriate for early breast cancer cases where the tumor is still small. Lumpectomies are generally outpatient procedures and have shorter recovery times. These procedures are usually followed by radiation therapy.
- Mastectomy: In a typical mastectomy surgery, the tumor and the entire breast are removed. There are several different types of mastectomies, including procedures that spare the breast’s skin and nipple/areola. Often a mastectomy and breast reconstruction can be performed in the same procedure.
In some cases, both breasts are removed (double mastectomy). This can help prevent the development of new breast cancer. It is typically done for patients who have an elevated risk of developing breast cancer due to family history or their own genetic profile, such as a BRCA mutation.
In both lumpectomies and mastectomies, surgeons may also remove nearby lymph nodes. Breast cancer can spread through nearby lymph nodes. Doctors will study the ones that are removed to determine if there are cancer cells within the nodes. This information can help determine the risk of the disease spreading to distant organs, as well as the need for chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Like all surgeries, breast cancer surgery is most successful when performed by a specialist with a great deal of experience in a particular procedure. MD Anderson’s breast cancer surgeons are among the most skilled and renowned in the world. They perform a large number of surgeries for breast cancer each year, using the least-invasive and most-effective techniques. At the start of treatment, care teams assess if the patient needs reconstructive surgery. If so, our breast cancer surgeons and reconstructive surgeons work together to plan procedures that minimize incision and possible scarring. Their goal is to achieve the most effective surgery and the best possible cosmetic outcome and symmetry.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses powerful beams of energy carefully designed to kill breast cancer cells.
For breast cancer patients, radiation therapy can be used before surgery to shrink large tumors and make the surgery easier on the patient. Radiation therapy can also be used after surgery to kill any remaining breast cancer cells that can’t be seen by the naked eye. After a lumpectomy, patients often receive three to four weeks of daily radiation therapy. In some cases, one to two weeks may be appropriate. When the lymph nodes are involved or a mastectomy was needed, patients usually need six weeks of daily radiation therapy.
In metastatic breast cancer cases, radiation therapy can also be used as a palliative treatment to reduce symptoms caused by cancer spreading to other parts of the body and improve the patient’s quality of life.
There are different techniques used in radiation therapy. Your doctors and radiation oncologist will collaborate to make sure you receive the most effective and precise dose of treatment. Radiation therapy treatments for breast cancer patients include:
- 3D conformal radiation therapy: This technique uses radiation beams that are shaped to the tumor’s dimension.
- Intensity-modulated radiation therapy: IMRT uses multiple beams of radiation with different intensities to deliver a precise, high dose of radiation to the tumor.
- Volumetric arc therapy: In this special type of IMRT, in VMAT therapy, the section of the machine that shoots out the beam of radiation rotates around the patient in an arc. This can irradiate the tumor more precisely and shorten procedure times.
- Accelerated partial breast irradiation: A form of brachytherapy, APBI uses radioactive pellets or seeds to kill cancer cells that may remain after a lumpectomy.
- Stereotactic body radiation therapy: Sterotactic body radiation therapy administers very high doses of radiation, using several beams of various intensities aimed at different angles to precisely target the tumor.
- Stereotactic radiosurgery: Stereotactic radiosurgery is most commonly used to treat breast cancer that has spread to the brain. Stereotactic radiosurgery uses dozens of tiny radiation beams to target tumors with a precise, high dose of radiation.
At most hospitals, the radiation oncologist developing these treatments works on several different types of cancer. At MD Anderson's Breast Center, radiation oncologists are dedicated exclusively to caring for patients with breast cancer. This gives them the incredibly deep experience to draw from when designing treatment plans. Each breast cancer radiation treatment plan is also reviewed by every breast radiation oncology faculty member, ensuring that patients receive the best possible treatment.
Our physicians are recognized as world leaders in their field. MD Anderson radiation oncologists have developed radiation therapy treatments shown to deliver the most effective radiation courses in the shortest amount of time and with the fewest side effects.
Proton therapy
Proton therapy is similar to the radiation therapies described above, but it uses a different type of energy and is much more accurate at targeting tumors. It delivers high radiation doses directly into the tumor, sparing nearby healthy tissue and vital organs. For many patients, this results in better cancer control with fewer side effects.
Targeted therapy
Cancer cells rely on specific molecules (often in the form of proteins) to survive, multiply and spread. Targeted therapies stop or slow the growth of cancer by interfering with, or targeting, these molecules or the genes that produce them.
In recent years, targeted therapy has become a major weapon in the fight against breast cancer. Breast cancer subtypes that once had poor prognoses are now highly treatable.
One type of targeted therapy is endocrine therapy (also known as hormone therapy), which is given to patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. This can be given before surgery to shrink the tumor. It is also given after surgery for five to 10 years to prevent a recurrence. Patients with the metastatic form of this disease are also given endocrine therapy to prevent disease progression.
Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer also receive targeted therapies. These patients may receive a different set of targeted therapy drugs both before and after surgery. Since about half of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer also have hormone receptor-positive tumors, they are also given endocrine therapy.
While there are no targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer, researchers are studying the disease to identify possible drug targets.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to directly kill cancer cells, control their growth or relieve pain. It is often given to patients before surgery to shrink the tumor and simplify the procedure. Breast cancer patients can receive chemotherapy either orally or intravenously.
Angiogenesis inhibitors
Angiogenesis is the process of creating new blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the main molecules that control the process. Some cancerous tumors are very efficient at using these molecules to create new blood vessels, which increases blood supply to the tumor and allows it to grow rapidly.
Researchers developed drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors, or anti-angiogenic therapy, to disrupt the growth process. These drugs search out and bind themselves to VEGF molecules, These drugs search out and bind themselves to VEGF molecules or receptor proteins, prohibiting them from activating angiogenesis.
Last updated March 22, 2022.
Can immunotherapy treat breast cancer? For certain patients, the answer is yes.
Pembrolizumab is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for some patients with metastatic and early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. It’s an immune checkpoint inhibitor, the most common type of immunotherapy.
To understand how the drug works, which breast cancer patients are benefiting and what’s ahead with research, we spoke with Clinton Yam, M.D.
How does immunotherapy work to treat triple-negative breast cancer?
Immunotherapy treats cancers by waking the immune system’s natural ability to defend the body from infection and disease, including cancer. T cells are a type of immune cell that help lead the immune system’s response to an illness.
PD-L1 is a protein that can be found on the surface of cancer cells and/or immune cells. It binds with a partner protein called PD-1 that’s on the surface of a T cell. But this bond turns off the T cell and allows the cancer cell to hide from the T cell. Immune checkpoint inhibitors take off this brake, which increases the likelihood that the T cells will attack and destroy the cancer cells.
Is immunotherapy an option for all patients with triple-negative
breast cancer?
Pembrolizumab is currently approved to treat some patients with early-stage or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.
For patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy is an option if the PD-L1 protein is detected on the cancer and/or immune cells within the tumor. We determine if a patient has a high expression of PD-L1 through an immunohistochemistry test. This is performed on tissue that’s removed during a biopsy or a previous surgery. If the PD-L1 protein is not found on the cancer cells and/or immune cells within the tumor in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, a PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor won’t be effective.
Patients with high-risk, early-stage disease will be eligible to receive a combination of pembrolizumab and chemotherapy before surgery. After surgery, patients will continue receiving pembrolizumab alone. While “high risk” isn’t defined by the FDA, most providers rely on the definition used in the clinical trial that led to the approval of pembrolizumab. Specifically, this includes patients with breast tumors larger than 2 cm. Patients with smaller breast tumors may be eligible to receive immunotherapy if there is evidence of cancer in the lymph nodes.
Importantly, immunotherapy may worsen symptoms of autoimmune disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, so these drugs aren’t typically used in women with these chronic illnesses.
What are the side effects of immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer?
Immunotherapy side effects are the same, regardless of the type of cancer being treated.
Immunotherapy increases the ability of the immune system to attack cancer cells, but it also increases the chances that the immune system will affect normal cells. This can cause inflammation throughout the body, which can lead to side effects, such as skin changes, cough, chest pain and diarrhea. In some cases, these side effects can be debilitating, depending on the organ(s) involved.
For example, if the thyroid gland is affected, the patient may develop a condition called hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone) and may need thyroid hormone replacement in the future. In rare but extreme cases, liver or kidney failure can develop.
When treating breast cancer, is immunotherapy used alone or in combination with other therapies?
Right now, pembrolizumab is used in combination with chemotherapy to treat metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.
However, there are ongoing clinical trials studying other combinations. For example, researchers are trying to find out if immunotherapy is more effective when combined with targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors. One challenge with treating breast cancer with immunotherapy is that immune cells have a harder time infiltrating the tumors. By combing immune checkpoint inhibitors with targeted therapies, we hope to help the immune cells better enter the tumor and, therefore, make these drugs an effective treatment option for more patients.
There is also hope that we may be able to use therapeutic vaccines to train the immune system to fight cancer.
Lastly, we know that radiation therapy helps jump-start the immune system. Through clinical trials, researchers are exploring how we might optimize immunotherapy by combining it with radiation therapy.
What are the immunotherapy options for patients with other breast cancer subtypes?
Clinical trials are working to expand the use of immunotherapy to more patients, including those with other stages of triple-negative breast cancer, as well as other breast cancer subtypes.
If you’re interested in immunotherapy options for breast cancer treatment, I encourage you to talk with your care team about clinical trial options. You may find a clinical trial opportunity that can give you access to immunotherapy and also enable you to pay it forward for future cancer patients.
Request an appointment at MD Anderson online or by calling 1-877-632-6789.
Last updated June 4, 2021
A mastectomy is one of the most well-known types of breast cancer treatment. MD Anderson breast surgeons perform more than 550 mastectomies each year. But not every breast cancer patient needs this surgery.
“At MD Anderson, our multidisciplinary care teams specialize in personalized care and will help determine what type of treatment is best for you and if that includes surgery, specifically a mastectomy,” says Susie Sun, M.D., a breast surgeon.
We spoke to Sun about which patients should undergo a mastectomy, what recovery from a mastectomy is like and which types of breast reconstruction are available to patients who choose to undergo a mastectomy.
What is a mastectomy?
A mastectomy is a breast cancer surgery in which the surgeon removes the tumor and the entire breast.
There are several types of mastectomies. These include:
- Total mastectomy: The surgeon removes the entire breast and most of the overlying skin.
- Partial mastectomy: This is also called a lumpectomy. In this procedure, the surgeon removes the tumor and surrounding breast tissue.
- Radical mastectomy: The surgeon removes the breast tissue and surrounding chest muscles. This was once the most common type of mastectomy, but it is rarely performed today.
- Modified radical mastectomy: The surgeon removes the breast tissue and lymph nodes under the arm to remove cancer and indicate how far the cancer has spread.
- Nipple-sparing mastectomy: The surgeon removes all of the breast tissue, but leaves the nipples and the areola.
- Skin-sparing mastectomy: The surgeon removes all of the breast tissue, including the nipple and areola, but leaves the skin.
- Double mastectomy: Also called a bilateral mastectomy, this is when the surgeon removes the tissue from both breasts. A double mastectomy is performed if there is cancer in both breasts or if the patient has a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 genetic mutation, which raises the risk of cancer.
Who needs a mastectomy?
Because the mastectomy is so well-known, breast cancer patients often assume that’s the treatment they should have or will have to have. But well-established research going back to the 1970s shows that, together, patients who have a lumpectomy and radiation therapy have the same low risk of breast cancer recurrence as patients who have a mastectomy.
Mastectomies are best for patients who cannot withstand radiation. This includes patients who:
- had radiation therapy previously,
- have a recurrent cancer, or
- have soft-tissue disorders.
Mastectomies are also a good option if the patient is not a lumpectomy candidate based on the size or location of the breast cancer.
“When I meet with a patient, I like to give them all the options and discuss which one is safest for them,” Sun says. “Ultimately, I want the patients to choose what treatment is best for them.”
What are the risks of a mastectomy?
Like any surgery, a mastectomy has some risks. These include:
- breast pain
- swelling
- necrosis: If the patient has a nipple-sparing or skin-sparing mastectomy, there is some risk that the skin will not receive enough blood and need to be removed.
“Breast cancer surgery is most successful and you’re far less likely to experience any of these risks if you have an experienced surgeon who performs a large number of mastectomies,” Sun says.
What should patients expect during a mastectomy?
Before a mastectomy, patients receive general anesthesia. The surgery typically takes about two hours, but may take longer if the surgeon needs to remove any surrounding lymph nodes to determine whether the cancer has spread, or if the patient plans to undergo breast reconstruction.
Surgery at MD Anderson takes a little longer because both a pathologist and a radiologist review the removed breast tissue to determine if more tissue should be removed. As a result, MD Anderson has a higher clear margin rate. This means that fewer patients need an additional surgery after a mastectomy.
How long does it take to recover from a mastectomy?
Patients who do not undergo reconstruction typically leave the hospital the next day. Patients who have breast reconstruction using their own tissue and a mastectomy are typically in the hospital a little longer – about four to five days.
MD Anderson care teams use an Enhanced Recovery Program that helps alleviate pain. Most mastectomy patients only need prescription pain medication for a few days after they return home.
Patients who have additional reconstruction along with a mastectomy will need more time to recover, depending on which type of breast reconstruction they choose.
What types of breast reconstruction are available for patients who have had a mastectomy?
Breast cancer patients who have undergone a mastectomy have many options for breast reconstruction. At MD Anderson, our plastic surgeons will meet with you as you plan your mastectomy to discuss which options are best for you. Options include implant reconstruction or reconstruction using the patients’ own tissue. Both options may be done immediately or may be delayed.
“MD Anderson’s plastic surgeons only work with cancer patients. They know what unique challenges this group faces and how to give them the best outcomes,” Sun says. “From diagnosis to reconstruction, each part of MD Anderson’s multidisciplinary care teams work with our patients to find the type of treatment they’re most comfortable with.”
Request an appointment at MD Anderson online or by calling 1-877-632-6789.
A mastectomy is one of the most well-known types of breast cancer treatment. MD Anderson breast surgeons perform more than 1,000 mastectomies each year. But not every breast cancer patient needs this surgery.
“At MD Anderson, our multidisciplinary care teams specialize in personalized care and will help determine what type of treatment is best for you and if that includes surgery, specifically a mastectomy,” says Susie Sun, M.D., a breast surgeon.
We spoke to Sun about which patients should undergo a mastectomy, what recovery from a mastectomy is like and which types of breast reconstruction are available to patients who choose to undergo a mastectomy.
What is a mastectomy?
A mastectomy is a breast cancer surgery in which the surgeon removes the tumor and the entire breast.
There are several types of mastectomies. These include:
-
Total mastectomy: The surgeon removes the entire breast and most of the overlying skin.
-
Partial mastectomy: This is also called a lumpectomy. In this procedure, the surgeon removes the tumor and surrounding breast tissue.
-
Radical mastectomy: The surgeon removes the breast tissue and surrounding chest muscles. This was once the most common type of mastectomy, but it is rarely performed today.
-
Modified radical mastectomy: The surgeon removes the breast tissue and lymph nodes under the arm to remove cancer and indicate how far the cancer has spread.
-
Nipple-sparing mastectomy: The surgeon removes all of the breast tissue, but leaves the nipples and the areola.
-
Skin- sparing mastectomy: The surgeon removes all of the breast tissue, including the nipple and areola, but leaves the skin.
-
Double mastectomy: Also called a bilateral mastectomy, this is when the surgeon removes the tissue from both breasts. A double mastectomy is performed if there is cancer in both breasts or if the patient has a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 genetic mutation, which raises the risk of cancer.
Who needs a mastectomy?
Because the mastectomy is so well-known, breast cancer patients often assume that’s the treatment they should have or will have to have. But well-established research going back to the 1970s shows that, together, patients who have a lumpectomy and radiation therapy have the same low risk of breast cancer recurrence as patients who have a mastectomy.
Mastectomies are best for patients who cannot withstand radiation. This includes patients who:
-
had radiation therapy previously,
-
have a recurrent cancer, or
-
have soft-tissue disorders.
Mastectomies are also a good option if the patient is not a lumpectomy candidate based on the size or location of the breast cancer.
“When I meet with a patient, I like to give them all the options and discuss which one is safest for them,” Sun says. “Ultimately, I want the patients to choose what treatment is best for them.”
What are the risks of a mastectomy?
A mastectomy is a safe surgery, but there are some risks. These include:
-
breast pain
-
swelling
-
necrosis: If the patient has a nipple-sparing or skin-sparing mastectomy, there is some risk that the skin will not receive enough blood and need to be removed.
“Breast cancer surgery is most successful and you’re far less likely to experience any of these risks if you have an experienced surgeon who performs a large number of mastectomies,” Sun says.
What should patients expect during a mastectomy?
Before a mastectomy, patients receive general anesthesia. The surgery typically takes about two hours, but may take longer if the surgeon needs to remove any surrounding lymph nodes to determine whether the cancer has spread, or if the patient plans to undergo breast reconstruction.
Surgery at MD Anderson takes a little longer because both a pathologist and a radiologist review the removed breast tissue to determine if more tissue should be removed. As a result, MD Anderson has a higher clear margin rate. This means that fewer patients need an additional surgery after a mastectomy.
How long does it take to recover from a mastectomy?
Patients who do not undergo reconstruction typically leave the hospital the next day. Patients who have breast reconstruction using their own tissue and a mastectomy are typically in the hospital a little longer – about four to five days.
MD Anderson care teams use an Enhanced Recovery Program that helps alleviate pain. Most mastectomy patients only need prescription pain medication for a few days after they return home.
Patients who have additional reconstruction along with a mastectomy will need more time to recover, depending on which type of breast reconstruction they choose.
What types of breast reconstruction are available for patients who have had a mastectomy?
Breast cancer patients who have undergone a mastectomy have many options for breast reconstruction. At MD Anderson, our plastic surgeons will meet with you as you plan your mastectomy to discuss which options are best for you. Options include implant reconstruction or reconstruction using the patients’ own tissue. Both options may be done immediately or may be delayed.
“MD Anderson’s plastic surgeons only work with cancer patients. They know what unique challenges this group faces and how to give them the best outcomes,” Sun says. “From diagnosis to reconstruction, each part of MD Anderson’s multidisciplinary care teams work with our patients to find the type of treatment they’re most comfortable with.”
Last updated June 4, 2021
A lumpectomy is the most common type of surgery used in breast cancer treatment. At MD Anderson, our breast cancer surgeons perform around 900 lumpectomies each year.
So what is a lumpectomy, and what should breast cancer patients expect from the procedure and the recovery? And how does it compare to a mastectomy?
We spoke with breast surgeon Puneet Singh, M.D., about the benefits of a lumpectomy and what patients can expect.
What is a lumpectomy?
A lumpectomy is a type of breast cancer surgery in which the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue called the margin is removed. The purpose of a lumpectomy is to remove the cancerous cells.
It is also commonly referred to as breast conservation surgery because it leaves most of the breast intact compared to a mastectomy.
On its own, a lumpectomy does not indicate if cancer has spread, but it may be performed along with a sentinel lymph node biopsy. This is a procedure in which surgeons remove nearby lymph nodes to determine if the cancer has spread.
A lumpectomy may also be performed with breast reconstruction, or reconstruction can be done at another time, depending on the patient’s diagnosis and wishes.
Who should get a lumpectomy?
A lumpectomy is often the treatment of choice for patients with early stage breast cancer, but it can be a great surgical option for many types of breast cancer.
“We typically recommend it for patients who have smaller, early-stage cancer, and we consider the size of the tumor compared to the overall size of the breast,” Singh says.
Typically, a lumpectomy is followed by four to six weeks of radiation therapy to ensure that there are no more remaining cancer cells, so lumpectomies are not recommended to patients who can’t withstand radiation. Some patients who have chemotherapy first may consider it as well.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a lumpectomy?
Landmark studies dating back to the 1970s and 80s show that patients who have a lumpectomy and radiation therapy have the same low risk for recurrence as patients who have a full mastectomy, or removal of the entire breast.
“Patients need to pick what’s right for them, but a lumpectomy provides the same very low rate of recurrence as with a mastectomy, but with a shorter and easier recovery,” Singh says.
When paired with the right surveillance after treatment, a lumpectomy may also be an option for breast cancer patients who carry genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2 that put them at a greater risk for cancer.
“BRCA-positive patients may assume that a mastectomy is the only treatment option for them, but that’s not always the case,” Singh says.
A lumpectomy allows patients to conserve more of the breast. This may make it a more cosmetically appealing option. It also allows most patients to preserve the nipple and the surrounding area, and maintain more sensation or feeling than they might with a mastectomy.
“Some patients say it didn’t even feel like they’ve had surgery following a lumpectomy,” Singh says.
What should patients preparing for a lumpectomy expect?
Typically, a lumpectomy is a short, outpatient procedure. Most patients receive general anesthesia, but care teams may also use an IV with a sedative, or relaxing medication, and a local anesthetic is used to numb the area being operated on.
The procedure typically takes about 15 to 40 minutes. “But at MD Anderson it may take a little longer because we have such a thorough review process during the surgery,” Singh says.
At MD Anderson, after a surgeon removes the tissue, it’s reviewed by a pathologist who uses imaging to review the entire specimen as a whole and then reviews it again, section by section. Finally, in a multidisciplinary discussion, the pathologist, radiologist and surgeon will review the images together and decide if more tissue needs to be removed.
In 2018, MD Anderson surgeons published a study that demonstrated that this detailed intraoperative review of the tissue resulted in a much higher clear margin rate. This means that more patients were cancer-free after their lumpectomies.
The surgery may take longer if the patient also decides to have breast reconstruction at the same time as the lumpectomy and depending on the type of reconstruction the patient chooses. MD Anderson plastic surgeons work with patients to determine if reconstruction is right for them, and if so, which procedure best suits their needs. Lumpectomy patients often choose one of the following types of reconstruction: local tissue rearrangement, breast lift and/or reduction or latissimus dorsi or similar flap.
What is lumpectomy recovery like?
Shortly after lumpectomy is complete, the patient will be able to go home. Thanks to our Enhanced Recovery Program, most MD Anderson patients recovery quickly with little pain.
“Some don’t even need pain medication or can take over the counter drugs, like ibuprofen,” Singh says.
Recovery may be longer if a
patient has breast reconstruction at the time of the lumpectomy.
Will patients need a second surgery
after a lumpectomy?
After the lumpectomy, the removed tissue is studied by a pathologist. If they find cancer cells in the normal tissue surrounding the tumor, they may perform a second surgery. “But thanks to our thorough review process, most MD Anderson patients don’t need a second surgery,” Singh says.
Patients who choose reconstruction may have an additional surgeries depending on what type of reconstruction they choose.
How will a lumpectomy change a patient’s appearance?
“A lumpectomy’s cosmetic impact really varies greatly from patient to patient and depends on the size of the tumor compared to the size of the breast and how much of the breast is being removed,” Singh says.
At MD Anderson, breast surgeons work closely with plastic surgeons to perform reconstruction that meets the patients’ needs and wishes.
“Make sure to have a thorough conversation with your surgical team ahead of time to discuss your options for breast reconstruction and choose what’s best for you,” Singh advises patients preparing for a lumpectomy. “With a skilled team that listens to their patient’s goals, a lumpectomy can be a simple, curative option for many early-stage breast cancer patients.”
Request an appointment at MD Anderson online or by calling 1-877-632-6789.
A lumpectomy is the most common type of surgery used in breast cancer treatment. At MD Anderson, our breast cancer surgeons perform around 650 lumpectomies each year.
So what is a lumpectomy, and what should breast cancer patients expect from the procedure and the recovery? And how does it compare to a mastectomy?
We spoke with Puneet Singh, M.D., a breast surgeon, about the benefits of a lumpectomy and what patients can expect.
What is a lumpectomy?
A lumpectomy is a type of breast cancer surgery in which the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue called the margin is removed. The purpose of a lumpectomy is to remove the cancerous cells.
It is also commonly referred to as breast conservation surgery because it leaves most of the breast intact compared to a mastectomy.
On its own, a lumpectomy does not indicate if cancer has spread, but it may be performed along with a sentinel lymph node biopsy. This is a procedure in which surgeons remove nearby lymph nodes to determine if the cancer has spread.
A lumpectomy may also be performed with breast reconstruction, or reconstruction can be done at another time, depending on the patient’s diagnosis and wishes.
Who should get a lumpectomy?
A lumpectomy is often the treatment of choice for patients with early stage breast cancer, but it can be a great surgical option for many types of breast cancer.
“We typically recommend it for patients who have smaller, early-stage cancer, and we consider the size of the tumor compared to the overall size of the breast,” Singh says.
Typically, a lumpectomy is followed by four to six weeks of radiation therapy to ensure that there are no more remaining cancer cells, so lumpectomies are not recommended to patients who can’t withstand radiation. Some patients who have chemotherapy first may consider it as well.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a lumpectomy?
Landmark studies dating back to the 1970s and 80s show that patients who have a lumpectomy and radiation therapy have the same low risk for recurrence as patients who have a full mastectomy, or removal of the entire breast.
“Patients need to pick what’s right for them, but a lumpectomy provides the same very low rate of recurrence as with a mastectomy, but with a shorter and easier recovery,” Singh says.
When paired with the right surveillance after treatment, a lumpectomy may also be an option for breast cancer patients who carry genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2 that put them at a greater risk for cancer.
“BRCA-positive patients may assume that a mastectomy is the only treatment option for them, but that’s not always the case,” Singh says.
A lumpectomy allows patients to conserve more of the breast. This may make it a more cosmetically appealing option. It also allows most patients to preserve the nipple and the surrounding area, and maintain more sensation or feeling than they might with a mastectomy.
“Some patients say it didn’t even feel like they’ve had surgery following a lumpectomy,” Singh says.
What should patients preparing for a lumpectomy expect?
Typically, a lumpectomy is a short, outpatient procedure. Most patients receive general anesthesia, but care teams may also use an IV with a sedative, or relaxing medication, and a local anesthetic is used to numb the area being operated on.
The procedure typically takes about 15 to 40 minutes. “But at MD Anderson it may take a little longer because we have such a thorough review process during the surgery,” Singh says.
At MD Anderson, after a surgeon removes the tissue, it’s reviewed by a pathologist who uses imaging to review the entire specimen as a whole and then reviews it again, section by section. Finally, in a multidisciplinary discussion, the pathologist, radiologist and surgeon will review the images together and decide if more tissue needs to be removed.
In 2018, MD Anderson surgeons published a study that demonstrated that this detailed intraoperative review of the tissue resulted in a much higher clear margin rate. This means that more patients were cancer-free after their lumpectomies.
The surgery may take longer if the patient also decides to have breast reconstruction at the same time as the lumpectomy and depending on the type of reconstruction the patient chooses. MD Anderson plastic surgeons work with patients to determine if reconstruction is right for them, and if so, which procedure best suits their needs. Lumpectomy patients often choose one of the following types of reconstruction: local tissue rearrangement, breast lift and/or reduction or latissimus dorsi or similar flap.
What is lumpectomy recovery like?
Shortly after lumpectomy is complete, the patient will be able to go home. Thanks to our Enhanced Recovery Program, most MD Anderson patients recovery quickly with little pain.
“Some don’t even need pain medication or can take over the counter drugs, like ibuprofen,” Singh says.
Recovery may be longer if a patient has breast reconstruction at the time of the lumpectomy.
Will patients need a second surgery after a lumpectomy?
After the lumpectomy, the removed tissue is studied by a pathologist. If they find cancer cells in the normal tissue surrounding the tumor, they may perform a second surgery. “But thanks to our thorough review process, most MD Anderson patients don’t need a second surgery,” Singh says.
Patients who choose reconstruction may have an additional surgeries depending on what type of reconstruction they choose.
How will a lumpectomy change a patient’s appearance?
“A lumpectomy’s cosmetic impact really varies greatly from patient to patient and depends on the size of the tumor compared to the size of the breast and how much of the breast is being removed,” Singh says.
At MD Anderson, breast surgeons work closely with plastic surgeons to perform reconstruction that meets the patients’ needs and wishes.
“Make sure to have a thorough conversation with your surgical team ahead of time to discuss your options for breast reconstruction and choose what’s best for you,” Singh advises patients preparing for a lumpectomy. “With a skilled team that listens to their patient’s goals, a lumpectomy can be a simple, curative option for many early-stage breast cancer patients.”
Request an appointment at MD Anderson online or by calling 1-877-632-6789.