Publications

Trey Waldrop, Grace Murley, Brett Velasquez, Elise Konradsson, Denae Neill, Abagail Delahoussaye, William Schuler, Jorge De La Cerda, Ziyi Li, Mark D. Pagel, Emil Schüler. Investigating the Oxygen Dependence of FLASH-RT using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging. Radiotherapy and Oncology 215;111329, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2025.111329

Allison Palmiero, Kevin Liu, Julie Colnot, Nitish Chopra, Denae Neill, Luke Connell, Brett Velasquez, Albert Koong, Steven Lin, Peter Balter, Ramesh Tailor, Charlotte Robert, Jean-François Germond, Patrik Gonçalves Jorge, Reiner Geyer, Sam Beddar, Raphaël Moeckli, Emil Schüler. On the acceptance, commissioning, and quality assurance of electron FLASH units. Medical Physics 2025;52:1207-1223 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.17483     

Alexander Baikalov, Daline Tho, Kevin Liu, Stafan Bartzsch, Sam Beddar, Emil Schüler. Characterization of a novel time-resolved, real-time scintillation dosimetry system for ultra-high dose rate radiation therapy applications. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 121;5 1372-1383, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.11.092

Kevin Liu, Uwe Titt, Nolan Esplen, Luke Connell, Elise Konradsson, Ming Yang, Xiaochun Wang, Takeshi Takaoka, Ziyi Li, Albert C. Koong, Devarati Mitra, Radhe Mohan, Billy Loo, Steven H. Lin, Emil Schüler. Discordance in acute gastrointestinal toxicity between synchrotron-based proton and linac-based electron ultra-high dose rate irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 122;2 491-501 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2025.01.007      

Daline Tho, Kevin Liu, Shannon Holmes, Emil Schüler, Sam Beddar. Radiation damage of the W2 plastic scintillator under ultra-high dose rate FLASH electron beam. Radiation Measurements, in press, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107492

Nils Rudqvist, Johan Spetz, Emil Schüler, Toshima Z. Parris, Britta Langen, Carina Sihlbom Wallem, Khalil Helou, Eva B. Forssell-Aronsson. Early proteomic response in thyroid gland after 131I administration in female Balb/c mice. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 201;13-14 887-898, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaf057

Magdalena Bazalova-Carter, Emil Schüler, Anthony Mascia, and Marcel van Herk. Balancing innovation and safety in FLASH radiotherapy.  Nature Review Physics 2025 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-025-00881-x  

Kristina Bjegovic, Lei Ren, Yong Chen, Emil Schüler, Lei Xing, Shawn (Liangzhong) Xiang. Seeing the Invisible: In Vivo Dosimetry in Radiotherapy with Radiacoustic Imaging. Medical Physics 2025 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.70165 

Kevin Liu, Shannon Holmes, Emil Schüler*, Sam Beddar*. Evaluation of ion chamber response under ultra-high dose-rate (FLASH) electron irradiation. Medical Physics, 51:494-508, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16726

Kevin Liu, Brett Velasquez, Emil Schüler. High-dose and ultra-high dose-rate (FLASH) evaluation of Al2O3:C OSLDs and powdered LiF:Mg,Ti TLDs for radiation therapy applications. Medical Physics, 51:2311–2319, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16832

Ryan B Ko, Jonathan A Abelson, Dominik Fleischmann, Lawrence Hofmann, David M Hovsepian, John D Louie, Gloria Hwang, Daniel Sze, Emil  Schüler, Kayla N Kielar, Peter G Maxim, Quynh-Thu Le, Wendy H Hara, Maximilian Diehn, Nishita Kothary, Billy W Loo Jr.. Pulmonary interstitial lymphography for non-small cell lung cancer: A prospective trial with potential impact on stereotactic ablative radiotherapy planning for early-stage lung cancer. Radiotherapy & Oncology, 191;110079, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2023.110079

M Ramish Ashraf, Stavros Melemenidis, Kevin Liu, Veljko Grilj, Jeannette Jansen, Brett Velasquez, Luke Connell, Joseph B Schulz, Claude Bailat, Aaron Libed, Rakesh Manjappa, Suparna Dutt, Luis Soto, Brianna Lau, Aaron Garza, William Larsen, Lawrie Skinner, Amy S Yu, Murat Surucu, Edward E Graves, Peter G Maxim, Stephen F. Kry, Marie-Catherine Vozenin*, Billy W Loo Jr*, Emil Schüler*. Multi-Institutional Audit of FLASH and Conventional Dosimetry with a 3D-Printed Anatomically Realistic Mouse Phantom. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.03.017

Kevin Liu, Shannon Holmes, Sam Beddar*, Emil Schüler*. A Comprehensive Investigation of the Performance of a Commercial Scintillator System for Applications in Electron FLASH radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 1-9, 2024. http://doi.org/10.1002/mp.17030

Enoch Chang, Franklin CL Wong, Beth A Chasen, William D Erwin, Prajnan Das, Emma B Holliday, Albert C Koong, Ethan B Ludmir, Bruce D Minsky, Sonal S Noticewala, Grace L Smith, Cullen M Taniguchi, Maria J Rodriguez, Sam Beddar, Rachael M Martin-Paulpeter, Joshua S Niedzielski, Gabriel O Sawakuchi, Emil Schüler, Luis A Perles, Lianchun Xiao, Janio Szklaruk, Peter C Park, Arvind N Dasari, Ahmed O Kaseb, Bryan K Kee, Sunyoung S Lee, Michael J Overman, Jason A Willis, Robert A Wolff, Ching-Wei D Tzeng, Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, Eugene J Koay. Phase I Trial of SPECT-Guided Liver-Directed Radiotherapy for Patients with Low Functional Liver Volume. JNCI Cancer Spectrum, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkae037   

Charlotte K. Ytterbrink, Emman Shubbar, Toshima Z. Parris, Britta Langen, Malin Druid, Emil Schüler, Sven-Erik Strand, Bo Åkerström, Magnus Gram, Khalil Helou, Eva B. Forssell-Aronsson. Effects of recombinant α1-microglobulin on early proteomic response in risk organs after exposure to 177Lu-octreotate. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7480 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137480                         

Jinghui Wang, Stavros Melemenidis, Rakesh Manjappa, Vignesh Viswanathan, Ramish Ashraf, Karen Levy, Lawrie Skinner, Luis A. Soto, Stephanie Chow, Brianna Lau, Ryan B. Ko, Edward Graves, Shu-Jung Yu, Karl K. Bush, Murat Surucu, Erinn B. Rankin, Billy W. Loo Jr., Peter G. Maxim*, Emil Schüler*. Dosimetric calibration of an anatomically specific ultra-high dose rate electron irradiation platform for preclinical FLASH radiobiology experiments. Medical Physics, 2024;51:9166–9178 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.17432                 

Kevin Liu, Shannon Holmes, Ahtesham Khan, Brian Hooten, Larry DeWerd, Sam Beddar*, Emil Schüler*. Development of novel ionization chambers for reference dosimetry in electron FLASH radiotherapy. Medical Physics. 2024;51:9275–9289. http://doi.org/10.1002/mp.17425

Kevin Liu, Trey Waldrop, Edgardo Aguilar, Nefetiti Mims, Denae Neill, Abagail Delahoussaye, Ziyi Li, David Swanson, Steven H. Lin, Albert C. Koong, Cullen M. Taniguchi, Billy W. Loo Jr., Devarati Mitra, and Emil Schüler. Redefining FLASH radiation therapy: The impact of mean dose rate and dose per pulse in the gastrointestinal tract. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 121(4), 1063-1076, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.10.009

Billy W. Loo Jr, Ioannis I. Verginadis, Brita Singers Sørensen, Anthony E. Mascia, John P. Perentesis, Albert C. Koong, Emil Schüler, Erinn B. Rankin, Peter G. Maxim, Charles L. Limoli, and Marie-Catherine Vozenin. Navigating the Critical Translational Questions for Implementing FLASH in the Clinic. Semin Radiat Oncol 34:351-364, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.04.008 

Till Tobias Böhlen, Serena Psoroulas, Jack D Aylward, Sam Beddar, Alexandros Douralis, Grégory Delpon, Cristina Garibaldi, Alessia Gasparini, Emil Schüler, Frank Stephan, Raphaël Moeckli, Anna Subiel. Recording and Reporting of Ultra-high Dose Rate "FLASH" Delivery for Preclinical and Clinical Settings. Radiotherapy & Oncology, 200:110507, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110507   

Kevin Liu, Allison Palmiero, Nitish Chopra, Brett Velasquez, Ziyi Li, Sam Beddar, Emil Schüler. Dual beam-current transformer design for monitoring and reporting of electron ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) beam parameter. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2023;24:e13891  https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13891  

Lianli Liu, Liyue Shen, Yong Yang, Emil Schüler, Wei Zhao, Gordon Wetzstein, and Lei Xing. Modeling Linear Accelerator (Linac) Beam Data by Implicit Neural Representation Learning for Commissioning and Quality Assurance Applications. Medical Physics. 2023;1-11 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16212

Ramin Abolfath, Alexander Baikalov, Alberto Fraile, Stefan Bartzsch, Emil Schüler, Radhe Mohan. A stochastic reaction-diffusion modeling investigation of FLASH ultra-high dose rate response in different tissues. Frontiers in Physics,11: 1060910; 2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1060910

Anet Valdés Zayas, Neeraj Kumari, Kevin Liu, Denae Neill, Patrik Gonçalves Jorge, Reiner Geyer, Steven H. Lin , Claude Bailat, François Bochud, Raphael Moeckli, Albert C. Koong, Jean Bourhis, Cullen M. Taniguchi, Fernanda Herrera, Emil Schüler. Independent Reproduction of the FLASH Effect on the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Multi-Institutional Comparative Study. Cancers, 15(7), 2021; 2023 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15072121

   
Hyunsoo Joshua No, Yufan (Fred) Wu, Michael Louis Dworkin, Rakesh Manjappa, Lawrie Skinner, Muhammad Ramish Ashraf, Brianna Lau, Stavros Melemenidis, Vignesh Viswanathan, Amy Shu-Jung Yu, Murat Surucu, Emil Schüler, Edward Elliot Graves, Peter Gregor Maxim, and Billy Wiseman Loo Jr.. Clinical LINAC-based electron FLASH: Pathway for practical translation to trials of FLASH radiotherapy. IJROBP, 117(2), 482-492, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.04.011

Kevin Liu, Patrik Gonçalves Jorgec, Ramesh Tailor, Raphaël Moecklic, Emil Schüler. Comprehensive evaluation and new recommendations in the use of Gafchromic EBT3 film. Medical Physics, 2023;1-11 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16593

Alexander Baikalov, Ramin Abolfath, Radhe Mohan, Emil Schüler, Jan J. Wilkens, Stefan Bartzsch. Intertrack interaction nat ultra-high dose rates and its role in the FLASH effect. Frontiers in Physics, 11, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2023.1215422   

Wei Zou, Rongxiao Zhang, Emil Schüler, Paige A Taylor, Anthony Mascia, Eric Diffenderfer, Tianyu Zhao, Ahmet Ayan, Manju Sharma, Shu-Jung Yu, Christina Tsien, Murat Surucu, Julianne Pollard-Larkin, Eduardo Moros, Jan Schuemann, Magdalena Bazalova-Carter, David Gladstone, Heng Li, Charles B. Simone II, Kristoffer Petersson, Stephen Kry, Amit Maity, Billy W Loo Jr, Lei Dong, Peter Maxim, Ying Xiao, Jeff Buchsbaum. Framework for Quality Assurance of Ultra-High Dose Rate Clinical Trials Investigating FLASH Effects and Current Technology Gaps. IJROBP, 2023, 116(5), 1202-1217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.04.018  

Zhao W, ChangC, Yang Y, Xing L, Schüler E. Mitigating the uncertainty in small field dosimetry by leveraging machine learning strategies. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 67, 155019, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac7fd6

Ming Yang, Xiaochun Wang, Fada Guan, Uwe Titt,Kiminori Iga, Dadi Jiang, Takeshi Takaoka, Satoshi Tootake, Tadashi Katayose,Masumi Umezawa, Nathaniel Fredette, Emil Schüler, Steven Frank, Steven H Lin, Narayan Sahoo, Albert C Koong, Radhe Mohan, X. Ronald Zhu. Adaptation and dosimetric commissioning of a synchrotron-based proton beamline for FLASH experiments. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 67, 165002, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac8269      

Patrik Gonçalves Jorge, Stavros Melemenidis, Veljko Grilj, Maude Gondré, Marie-Catherine Vozenin, Jean-François Germond, Thierry Buchillier, François Bochud, Raphaël Moeckli, Charles Limoli, Rakesh Manjappa, Vignesh Viswanathan, Lawrie Skinner, Murat Surucu, Amy S Yu, Brianna Lau, Jinghui Wang, Emil Schüler, Karl Bush, Edward E. Graves, Peter G. Maxim, Billy W Loo Jr, Claude Bailat. Design and validation of a dosimetric comparison scheme tailored for ultra-high dose-rate electron beams to support multicenter FLASH preclinical studies. Radiotherapy & Oncology, 175: 203-209, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2022.08.023

Sara L Thrower, Surendra Prajapati, Shannon Holmes, Emil Schüler, Sam Beddar. Characterization of the plastic scintillator detector system Exradin W2 in a high dose rate flattening-filter-free photon beam. Sensors, 22(18), 6785, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186785

Schüler E, Acharya M, Montay-Gruel P, Loo BW, Vozenin MC, Maxim PG. Ultra-high dose rate electron beams and the FLASH effect: from preclinical evidence to a new radiotherapy paradigm. Medical Physics, 2022;1-14 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.15442  

Okoro C, Schüler E*, Taniguchi C*. The Therapeutic Potential of FLASH-RT for Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers, 2022, 14(5), 1167 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051167 

Titt U, Yang M, Wang X, Iga, K, Fredette N, Schüler E, Lin SH, Zhu R, Sahoo N, Koong AC, Zhang X, Mohan R. Design and validation of a synchrotron proton beam line for FLASH radiotherapy preclinical research experiments. Medical physics.49.1:497-509. 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.15370

Wu Y, No HJ, Breitkreutz D, Mascia AE, Moeckli R, Bourhis J, Schüler E, Maxim PG, Loo BW. Technological Basis for Clinical Trials in FLASH Radiation Therapy: A Review. Applied Radiation Oncology, 2021;10(2):6-14